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Psychiatric Psychobiological Treatment Versus Exclusive Psychological Treatment in Depressive Disorders
José Manuel Bertolín-Guillén
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
13-21
Received:
14 January 2023
Accepted:
3 February 2023
Published:
16 February 2023
Abstract: Introduction: Scientific information on the antidepressant effectiveness of the varied usual therapeutic interventions is considerable but of poor quality. Objective: To analyse the scientifically well qualified international contributions on the effectiveness of habitual psychobiological psychiatric interventions in depressive disorders. Method: N= 6 structured bibliographic systems have been reviewed in a non-systematic, narrative and synthetic way and N= 75 significant contributions have been selected. Results and discussion: Patients with severe depression are more likely to receive any type of medical attention, but less likely to receive adequate attention. The use of both drugs and psychotherapy is the habitual mixed combined intervention during any ordinary psychiatric treatment. We will call it psychobiological or psychopharmacological intervention. The exclusive psychological intervention without using any medically prescribed drugs, is likely to be less cost/effective. The matter is not only to prioritise but also to adequately combine psychiatric interventions and added psychological interventions when convenient. The intervention on the neurophysiological pathways related with glutamate, the GABAergic, opioidergic, and inflammatory systems as well as on connectome and microbiome are being promoted for future drug antidepressant therapy with encouraging results. Conclusion: The mixed psychiatric option using drugs and psychotherapy, either regulated or not, by the intervening psychiatrist himself or herself is probably the main therapeutic choice for the correctly diagnosed depressive disorders. The psychotherapeutics intervention excluding the psychobiological psychiatric intervention in correctly diagnosed depressions will be insufficient in general. The professional psychological intervention may obviously complement the mixed psychiatric intervention, but can not replace it.
Abstract: Introduction: Scientific information on the antidepressant effectiveness of the varied usual therapeutic interventions is considerable but of poor quality. Objective: To analyse the scientifically well qualified international contributions on the effectiveness of habitual psychobiological psychiatric interventions in depressive disorders. Method: N...
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Exploring the Potential of Preventing Human Disease by Genetically Altering the Excitability of the Neurological System
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
22-29
Received:
19 January 2023
Accepted:
17 February 2023
Published:
28 February 2023
Abstract: Although most human diseases are believed to be the consequence of chronic stress superimposed upon various risk genes, efforts to reduce stress are increasingly being thwarted by the ever-increasing pace of human society. However, there is mounting evidence that biopsychosocial stress is primarily dictated endogenously rather than environmentally. According to the multi-circuit neuronal hyperexcitability (MCNH) hypothesis of psychiatric disorders, pathological hyperactivity in specific brain circuits can cause the related thoughts, emotions, and physiological processes to become abnormally amplified. This, in turn, can cause the brain to become even more hyperactive because cognitive-emotional stress and the byproducts of the affected physiological processes have a stimulating effect on the brain. Consistent with this hypothesis, calming the brain, whether by natural or medical means, can be highly effective in reducing both psychiatric symptoms and the risk of developing any of a wide range of chronic medical conditions. However, calming the brain naturally requires consistent effort, and medical interventions can be costly, burdensome, and side-effect prone. That raises the question of whether there might be a more effective and efficient way to reduce the excitability of the neurological system. Although neuronal excitability has clearly been linked to specific risk genes, previous efforts to modify genes in plants and animals have met with limited success. However, the recent discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has changed all that. Now, for the first time, there may be a way to readily replace abnormal DNA sequences with wild-type sequences. This has far-reaching implications for disease reduction and prevention both because neuronal hyperexcitability appears to be the underlying driver of most mental and physical illnesses and because the neuronal hyperexcitability trait has been linked primarily to a relatively small number of gene loci. This article will discuss the pervasive effects of the neuronal hyperexcitability trait and the extraordinary implications of using CRISPR/Cas9 to eliminate its genetic fingerprint from the human genome.
Abstract: Although most human diseases are believed to be the consequence of chronic stress superimposed upon various risk genes, efforts to reduce stress are increasingly being thwarted by the ever-increasing pace of human society. However, there is mounting evidence that biopsychosocial stress is primarily dictated endogenously rather than environmentally....
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Adolescent with 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome, Cognitive Delay, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Psychotic Features
Alda Mira Coelho,
Sofia Dória
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
30-33
Received:
18 December 2022
Accepted:
17 February 2023
Published:
15 March 2023
Abstract: Microdeletion 22q11.2 syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome, also described as DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). It has a prevalence estimated to be within 1 per 2148 livebirths. Eighty-four percent of the children with 22q11DS had at least one psychiatric disorder, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, neurocognitive delay and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Sometimes is not easy to detect psychiatric diagnosis in developmental disorders, so it is important to look for psychiatric symptoms, etiological factors and clinical report about child development, including parent’s perceptions. We present a female adolescent patient with a mild cognitive delay, and underdiagnosed ASD, that had a microdeletion 22q11.2 Syndrome, identified at the first year of life. She was evaluated in psychiatric consultation only at 15 years, for psychotic symptomatology. At that time some ASD features were identified, and lately confirmed, with parental information and psychological evaluation instruments, like Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R). This paper aims to alert to the possibility of confluence of 22q11.2DS with ASD and psychotic symptoms, at the same time. We also want to enhance the importance of a multidisciplinary team in developmental disorders, paying attention to developmental report and parents ‘information, which may possibility early intervention and an accurate diagnosis.
Abstract: Microdeletion 22q11.2 syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome, also described as DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). It has a prevalence estimated to be within 1 per 2148 livebirths. Eighty-four percent of the children with 22q11DS had at least one psychiatric disorder, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, neurocognitive de...
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Anxiety Curing Evaluation with the Aqueous Extract of Securidaca longepedunculata (Polygalaceae) Decoction in Mice on the Stress Paradigm Tests
Jean Pierre Omam Omam,
Samuel Mbouh,
Antoine Kavaye Kandeda,
Juliette Koube,
Djibrilla Mana Moussa,
Mireille Delphine Minkoulou Ze,
Ronald Bidingha à Goufani,
Alain Mbom,
Fleur Clarisse Okomolo Moto,
Elisabeth Ngo Bum
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
1-12
Received:
29 November 2022
Accepted:
9 January 2023
Published:
4 February 2023
Abstract: Securidaca longepedunculata is a plant which various parts are widely used in traditional medicine. Its roots are used to treat snakebite. Beyond its efficacy for snakebite treatment, S. longepedunculata is used for the treatment of other diseases including dysentery, stomach ache and mental disorders. The interest of the present study was to investigate the anxiolytic properties of S. longepedunculata roots decoction. The plant material of our study consisted of S. longepedunculata roots. The animal material consisted of male and female Mus musculus Swiss mice of 18 g and above, approximately 9 weeks old and not previously tested. They were used for the acute toxicity assessment following OECD 425 protocols. Then the evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of the decoction on acute and chronic anxiety was done using the following paradigms: Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field (OF), Hole Board (HB) and the Restrictor. Finally, some oxidative stress parameters such as catalase, sulfoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde were measured. The plant screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds like flavonoids, saponosides and triterpenes. There were no signs of toxicity at the dose of 5000 mg/kg fourteen (14) days after treatment. The evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of this decoction on acute and chronic anxiety through the different tests showed that, the most effective dose of S. longepedunculata decoction was 213 mg/kg. In the EPM test, there was a significant (p<0.001) increase of the number of entries into the open arms entries from 7±1.30 in the negative control mice to 36 ±3.16 in the (Sl 213 mg/kg) group. The Diazepam also induced a significant (p<0.001) increase of this number. The time spent in the open arms and their respective percentages were equally increased. However, there was also a significant (p<0.001) decrease of the number of entries and the time spent in the closed arms and their percentages indicating a decrease of the level of anxiety in these mice. The OF and HB tests also showed that, the S. longepedunculata decoction would possess anxiolytic properties. This could be justified by the presence of secondary metabolites such as saponins and flavonoids. These results justify the use of S. longepedunculata roots in the traditional medicine for the treatment of mental disorders. It would be beneficial to suggest them to local populations against these pathologies.
Abstract: Securidaca longepedunculata is a plant which various parts are widely used in traditional medicine. Its roots are used to treat snakebite. Beyond its efficacy for snakebite treatment, S. longepedunculata is used for the treatment of other diseases including dysentery, stomach ache and mental disorders. The interest of the present study was to inves...
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